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-THE SYDNEY BUSHWALKER.
+======The Sydney Bushwalker.======
-A monthly Bulletin of matters of interest to the Sydney Bush Walkers, C/- Ingersoll Hall, 256 Crown St., Sydney.
-No. 147 MARCH, 1947. Price 6d,
+A monthly Bulletin of The Sydney Bushwalkers, C/- Ingersoll Hall, 256 Crown Street, Sydney.
-Editor: Ron Knightley. Bus. Manager: Maurie Berry.
-Assists: Elsa McGregor. Production: Brian Harvey.
+----
-Norma Barden. Assist: Pater Price.
-Illustrations: Dennis Gittoes Sales & Subs: Jean Harvey.
+===No. 147. March, 1947. Price 6d.===
-CONTENTS.
-Page. B. Grimshaw Ia
+|**Editor**|Ron Knightley|
-"Dingo" 2.
+|**Assistant Editors**|Elsa McGregor and Norma Barden|
-Jingle 3.
+|**Business Manager**|Maurie Berry|
-"Trouper" 4.
+|**Production**|Brian Harvey|
-Topical 9.
+|**Production Assistant**|Peter Price|
-Brian Harvey 12.
+|**Sales and Subs.**|Jean Harvey|
-Stop Press 14.
+|**Illustrations**|Dennis Gittoes|
-The Lure
-"So Help Met:" "yncarpia by Night" "Story in Stone" "Federation Reunion?"
+=====In This Issue:=====
-February Meeting Gossip Scou
-THE LURE.
+| | |Page|
-These were tasks that called for a good deal of energy, trifling though they might appear to those real explorers whose
+|The Lure|B. Grimshaw| 1|
-feats I was faintly copying, as Early Victorian ladies used to copy
+|"So Help Met!"|"Dingo"| 2|
-fine steel engravings in pale niggling pencil-work. Yet I enjoyed the trouble, enjoyed even the inconveniences, after a fashion, since they were richly paid for, in the pure gold coin that Nature mints for sailors, campers, and gipsy wanderers alone. Sortie need, so exceedingly deep down in the roots of humanity that one cannot even define or name it, seems to be satisfied by wanderings such as
+|"Syncarpia by Night"|Jingle| 3|
-these. It is a need not felt by all (though lying latent in very many who never suspect its existence, until sudden changes of circumstances call it out), and those who do not experience it fiald
+|"Story in Stone"|"Trouper"| 4|
-it hard to understand. Yet it is one of the strongest forces in the world -- hunger, love, the lust of battle, alone can rank with it in power over humanity. The "Song of the Road" -- the "Call of
+|"Federation Reunion?"|Topical| 9|
-the Wild" -- and other names coined by an analytical generation for this unknown force, leave the kernel of the matter untouched. But those Who know what it is to come home to Earth,- understand the meaning of the call, althouglia=g-Very coming, she lays a cold finger on their lips for welcome, and says, "You shall know, you shall enjoy, but you shall never tell ........"
+|February Meeting|Brian Harvey|12|
-Tial c,a-n from -chart k1,70-17- - "From Fiji to the Cannibal Islands",
+|Gossip Scou|Stop Press|14|
-by Beatrice Grimzhaw.)
-uSO EiLP II by ''Dino"
+----
-So help roe I say it, and it wasn't as' if there. had been a pub han-ay._._You_see, I was at North Era and the nearest ale;was-to. be -tapped at Burning Palms, or so '2617ap_said.
-BeinL, a little curious I ambled over on the afternoon of Boxing Day, but anyhow, what talking about happened unexpectedly
+=====The Lure.=====
-on the ::(prning of that day. So while you may raise,the doubting eyebrow, please reel:.ber that the body was in a state of complete sobriety.
-The rest of the crew had departed for their first swifi of the day and only Christa and ITself were left. Christa was dutifully ovinL; the black from the breakfast dishes and your raconteur was bashing the spine. Even so I would not have been in a -oosition to descrfbe the event onlz; Chris 1.:urioured
+These were tasks that called for a good deal of energy, trifling though they might appear to those real explorers whose feats I was faintly copying, as Early Victorian ladies used to copy fine steel engravings in pale niggling pencil-work. Yet I enjoyed the trouble, enjoyed even the inconveniences, after a fashion, since they were richly paid for, in the pure gold coin that Nature mints for sailors, campers, and gipsy wanderers alone. Some need, so exceedingly deep down in the roots of humanity that one cannot even define or name it, seems to be satisfied by wanderings such as these. It is a need not felt by all (though lying latent in very many who never suspect its existence, until sudden changes of circumstances call it out), and those who do not experience it find it hard to understand. Yet it is one of the strongest forces in the world - hunger, love, the lust of battle, alone can rank with it in power over humanity. The "Song of the Road" - the "Call of the Wild" - and other names coined by an analytical generation for this unknown force, leave the kernel of the matter untouched. But those who know what it is to __come home__ to Earth, understand the meaning of the call, although at the very coming, she lays a cold finger on their lips for welcome, and says, "You shall know, you shall enjoy, but you shall never tell..."
-"water" :hat I 1;air lured, I =ttered, but I clii,:bed to the
-feet and -gropinc, for -1 water bucket, away I went. I ::no w %/hat
+(Taken from Chapter V - "From Fiji to the Cannibal Islands", by Beatrice Grimshaw.)
-is in your hinds. The -en sypathise: poor bloke must
-have been half asleep." The girls Half dopey fro_ the en-
+----
-chanting Chl'ista's reuest and wouldnt be capable of seeing an-Lithing anyhow..'
-But so help 1:_e, I saw it. You couldn't blaae the poor liLht, The visibility Was one hunared -per cent perfect and couldn't be bettered. Ify woriaates suggested I may have left my glasses behind at ca p, but I chec-Led on this at the time. ho Sip, it was the genuine article. It couldn't have lpeea-o-tlIcrwise because I saw it with :y ovn eyes.
+=====So Help Me.=====
-NOW, some blokes ITIal:e up these stories and build on
-the:._ at each suCcessive telling but mine has remained uncb anged. I told the.1 the story seventeen ties at and never changed a ,-ord. To be truthful the: acco panied 2 word or word at one stage but later kept a respectful silence. Some unkind person su,sested it may have been a stunned silence. That is hardly vea8o1able because it was so darned rare and interesting.
+by "Dingo"
-Anything is likely to halen at Era but you must adyqit that this was something out of the ordinary. At Burning ,Palms you may often-see Queer shapes and on occasions alell beer - pal-don - queer smells. But. to walk =ay from the c2:-:p at Fira and bump right into it, well I can see the point in your disbelieving stares. I also have another obstacle to overcome,. They 'point the scornful finger: "i'he bloke's only just lest his prospective status, onl;s7 been lost twice, and has never tasted dried cat's meat. " In liT'defence I submit thL_'t, firstly, I am a friend of Roley Cotter, secondly, I had the good judgement to get lost with a glamorous girl on eact oc,oasion, and lastly, I am told ",:ly igx1Gpanoe of dp&oo-d. oatis meat will be adXated witdiP. the xt thirty days, Can I sa4- 1'1Dre?
-All this points to the fact that I not rulliny our
+So help me I saw it, and it wasn't as if there had been a pub handy. You see, I was at North Era and the nearest ale was to be tapped at Burning Palms, or so 'twas said. Being a little curious I ambled over on the afternoon of Boxing Day, but anyhow, what I'm talking about happened unexpectedly on the morning of that day. So while you may raise the doubting eyebrow, please remember that the body was in a state of complete sobriety.
-legs, so to continue with story. So help mc I.saw it----- What's that? Ladies and gentlemen, I believe I have boon handed a metaphorical specimen of a fruit of the berry fad. la
-So, be darned to you, I wish I hadn't story, anyway.
+The rest of the crew had departed for their first swim of the day and only Christa and myself were left. Christa was dutifully removing the black from the breakfast dishes and your raconteur was bashing the spine. Even so I would not have been in a position to describe the event only Chris murmured "water". What I murmured, I muttered, but I climbed to the feet and groping for a water bucket, away I went. I know what is in your minds. The men sympathise: "The poor bloke must have been half asleep." The girls "Half dopey from the enchanting Christa's request and wouldn't be capable of seeing anything anyhow."
--
-SYNCARPIA BY NIGHT....
+But, so help me, I saw it. You couldn't blame the poor light, the visibility was one hundred per cent perfect and couldn't be bettered. My workmates suggested I may have left my glasses behind at camp, but I checked on this at the time. No sir, it was the genuine article. It couldn't have been otherwise because I saw it with my own eyes.
-She'll snatch
-and scratch -
+Now, some blokes make up these stories and build on them at each successive telling but mine has remained unchanged. I told them the story seventeen times at and never changed a word. To be truthful they accompanied me word for word at one stage but later kept a respectful silence. Some unkind person suggested it may have been a stunned silence. That is hardly reasonable because it was so darned rare and interesting.
-at itching bite;
-she'll swear
+Anything is likely to happen at Era but you must admit that this was something out of the ordinary. At Burning Palms you may often see queer shapes and on occasions smell beer - pardon - queer smells. But to walk away from the camp at Era and bump right into it, well I can see the point in your disbelieving stares. I also have another obstacle to overcome. They point the scornful finger: "The bloke's only just lost his prospective status, only been lost twice, and has never tasted dried cat's meat." In my defence I submit that, firstly, I am a friend of Roley Cotter, secondly, I had the good judgement to get lost with a glamorous girl on each occasion, and lastly, I am told my ignorance of dried cat's meat will be adjusted within the next thirty days. Can I say more?
-and tear
-throughout the night;
+All this points to the fact that I not am not pulling your legs, so to continue with my story. So help me I saw it... What's that? Ladies and gentlemen, I believe I have been handed a metaphorical specimen of a fruit of the berry family.
-she'll mourn
-'til dawn
+So, be darned to you, I wish I hadn't told you the story, anyway.
-and bless the light;
-for where her writhing body lay
+----
+=====Syncarpira By Night....=====
+She'll snatch\\
+and scratch\\
+at itching bite;\\
+she'll swear\\
+and tear\\
+throughout the night;\\
+she'll mourn\\
+'til dawn\\
+and bless the light;\\
+for where her writhing body lay\\
 the insect world made hellish play.
- ...Ap DAY
-with patches red on face and head,
-a mirror tells her all;
-with swollen eye from stinging fly
-from beauty she must fall.
-uAh,met. my beauty," saith the cutie
-is that me or gall?
-If I must wear these bites all day, time I rose and stole away.
-told yol,. :1-;1
-ANNUAL KIDDIES' TREAT. On Sunday, March 30, Bob Younger wants you 7671-777.--7==naldren from the Devonshire Street Pl'ee Library go to Lane Cove, the more helpers there are, the merrier we'll be, and so will the kids. Women are wanted to handle eating arrangements; men are wanted for the fun and gamgs; miey is wanted to cover costs. Dip into your pockets now for a donation, and then turn up in person. Remember -- Bob Younger needs your assistance.
-BUSI-11-.'AL=R. ANNUAL -- 17. HAVE YOU FOIZARDED YOUR CONTRIBUTION?
-Walking ta es...poems...cartoons...sketchea...phdtographs..-.'plus SUGGESTIONS POR COVER. Remeuber the closing date: March 31,
-forward contributions, per editor of this journal,
-TO = IN S'J2077, PAN Lj II. by Trouper.
-Part I (January edition) of the ancient history of the Shoalhaven 1-Z. area outlined the way in which the various rocl,:s are fora shale and sandstone are food as sedionts
-on the floor of a lake or sea, and changed into flint or slate
-when the countryside is crisJ olded by r;reat forces in the earth's crust; whilst li..estone is an acculation of the alciicontaining reains of living organisins, e g. corals.
-Now that we understand the nature of the rocks -- the brown and grey flint and slate in the lower part, and the sandstones overl:s7ini- the:_, 70 can =a lno the history of the area from a map -- a geologic map (Plato I). In the eastern portions of this -zap, we sec that t:.ice are Ordovician slates, overlain b:; a cap of Permian sandstone, as is seen in the section, A-A. The na_es need cause no alarm -- they are simply a convenient wa-3, of classifying a rock accordi,L to its ag;e. Thus, fro-_, the list on the :map, ''Ordovician'' roc::s Fore first laid down as sedi-,ents during the period, 400 :Mien to 380 million years ago;"Silurianrocl:s originated during the Period 380 :1Mo:a to 320 million years ago, and so on.
-ow what evidence do we base these state_ents of age? ike chief evidence is that of fossils. In the sea which overlay the area of the ordovicia:o slates were small fish called graptolites, organisms which lived in colonies, and grow in sall, stringy clusters so that the a.?greRate was somewhat as illustrated in Plato II. wow, these graDtolites underwent a fairly rapid evolutionarz- -process -- the number of branches and the direction of growth of those branches changed, as is ill'ustl'at:;d by reading the figure from left to right. Hence, if a particular t:oo of ,?;raptolito is found in a particular strati of slate, then its evolutionary stage at once gives a 1,:e:y to the age of that slate.
-Now, ),hen we loo:: to either side of the gorge in this area, we note three ihings 1,'irstl, the lower roch strata is disto,-2tcd, and atabout 1,000 feet above the river gives way
-sudd enly to hexdzolitally heddel rocks that is, the upper
-rocks were not in e:dstence at the ti- then the area was subjected to the great earth forces which distorted the lower shales, and hardened tlIaa to slates. Secondly, the lower are brown or gr(* slates, laid de= far :ro the shore of a sea; the upper arc yellow sandstones which are claposited near a sea or lake shore. Thirdly, referring to the ages lizted on the map, the Ordovician ago ended 380 million years ago, but the Pc.,,r_dan did not begin until 155 million years latur. Layer by lair the shalQs wore built up, year by year -- and
-tha-0- a ZAP- Aiat o 155 1J toz. fo;p, the
-c5eCi
-tlAr ; 2orwri-
-$34141-6,1,1 e.
-Poi ai,e0f
-NO, 00)000 ru 260,000,000 , le4rS
-Devoy-N( --
-, 0,--3200c001000 yeA,-,5 ago
-S ---
-,tO,o0ooO0,
-Oreicylc; air\
--- ao,co 0
-Sec-fl or\ B-B
-t-tv1,41PoINI!"
-c.) havQ" et
-"40=
-\
-=Iry
-IF
-N ./e./
-z
-i3u BoirNia 1,3airbees ck
-Devonian and Carboniferous ages are :Lissed out. Doposon
-CCCCar:a tc; ':73ro cruso folcloCi
--1.araenea into slates; aTa then, so illior :Tears later, Then the crushin foces haC_ died away, sedimentation occurred again.
-What is the explanation of this missing chapter? It lies in the fact thats throughout the Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous ages, all this land had been uplifted above the water level; the sea had drained away, and where previously, deposition had been occurring, denudation (erosion) was now taking place. And finally, the area had been submerged once more, but this time the sea had not extended very far beyond the regions we are examining, and sandstones were laid down where for ages only erosion and earth-crumpling had taken place.
-Now look to Bungonia -- here, Silurian shales and litones. The rocks of the missing chapter: This area had been subil3e rged whilst the eastern sector had been uplifted.
-' That is, a shore-line had existed between the area now called Bungonia, and the opposite side of the present Shoalhaven. A noteworthy feature of this limestone belt is the fact that the remains of the ancient corals flank a gorge 1,000 feet deep. And yet, coral is a shallow-water organism and does not build at depths greater than about 10 feet. How, then, can there be 1,000 feet of fossil remains where the water had not been more than some 10 feet deep? The fact is that the land had
-not tilted and lain stills but it had gone on gradually tilting for millions of years, and as the region sank, fraction by fractions the corals went on building, always growing upwards to maintain their normal depth below the rising water.
-However, despite the existence of Silurian sedizents on the Bungonia sides there is evidence even here that the progression was not a smooth one. For the upper slates were somewhat eroded away before being covered by the later shales. That is a general uplift had raised the whole land above the sea, and then re-submerged the western side. It did not now subside beneath the original sea, however, being cove-red instead - by a vast inland lake.
-This land being now submerged, and gradually tilting to allow of the building of the corals, erosion started on the
-- still-uplifted eastern section. Year by year, rivers were break-
-ing down the Ordovician slates, and carrying the particles westward -- to the lake, this time, and not to the sea -- where they were re-posited as muds around the corals, later to be
-_dried to form the Bilur:Lansales e aclJw ,%az around the lime-
-stone roof.
--,SiAGES OFZIEVFLOPMENT
-=.27- Oa-hi/in/co fro-,
-Whole arei; ur)cVer ep-confineria
-Cirapieldes Jv /r1 se.)
-r / ,
-S,Its Cein9 deposited later -to ic;rol 5 b-,,Ce
-I r
-Mud', e5n Cited 01 Q
-Si-a elf- Silurtat7
-Whole area hifeci 6t9tie. 5e,4 ievei
-M UD5 Rivedrired zwav
-dried io form SHA1E5 ton-woo-ice EROSION
- Seo -
-fAreatoo
-liW5iern reo
-asc-iit) subi7)&y--9.6,c/
-s
-Limncc,
-busit
-.1?,17(.%)1-ei)chirci-In
-forc9
-Er()%iuri corefinues1 doh.
-"!. (
-"
--1,3reat Fones Crush hrea
+====And Day....====
-Deposi-tion occurs agz;.:(1,-
-tm-t,
+With patches red\\
- /jevo I-7/0 7 n Cc-'2rior7 0(e. roc,
+on face and head,\\
-//11170/6. por/i or? / f/ o<
+a mirror tells her all;\\
-Gree-t
+with swollen eye\\
-v4.11% up wail?, cruc
+from stinging fly\\
-itc",t
+from beauty she must fall.\\
-Wkoler er a subject foerosiori &ibIded slates worn dowe%Fo pi1-1
+"Ah, me! my beauty,"\\
--\4
+saith the cutie,\\
-Ste e7- Permian eas7L6,,,-r/ Secr'or
+"is that me or gall?\\
-uhrorgeof oncle-,r grest). t /oke
+If I must wear these bites all day,\\
-.1.1111141.#.1141,..0.11140.4.4110.4.1.110,4.0.414111,04errm,
+'tos time I rose and stole away."
- T YPI CA-271--GRA P TOL I TE 5
-_Deposition of
+----
-SrD, st ones
-Ly
+====Annual Kiddies' Treat.====
-(APProx Life cize)
-I
+On Sunday, March 30, Bob Younger wants you to help. When the children from the Devonshire Street Free Library go to Lane Cove, the more helpers there are, the merrier we'll be, and so will the kids. Women are wanted to handle eating arrangements; men are wanted for the fun and games; money is wanted to cover costs. Dip into your pockets now for a donation, and then turn up in person. Remember - Bob Younger needs your assistance.
-N
+----
--.Te now have the history before us, and :Jay recapitulate the tale, in some six stages: see Plate 2.
-.11221:2_1, Ordovician tiz-es. Mole area the floor of a sea, far frou shore; muds being deposited year by year in horizontal layers on the sea-floor -- later dried to form shales. Graptolites in sea and on muds.
+====Bushwalker Annual - 1947.====
-stiaE2_2. Biblrian times :ihole area uplifted and partly eroded (tima-gap between Ordovician and Silurian at Buzzonia) Intense earth forces crush and fold area into slates.
-Stag p5. Silurian. Test side subsides under inland lake, with shoreline east of BunE,onia Gorge: limestone belts established and Ordovician rocks of east carried west by rivers; re-deposited in lake.
+Have you forgotten your contribution? Walking tales... poems... cartoons... sketches... photographs... plus suggestions for cover. Remember the closing date: March 31. Please forward contributions per editor of this journal.
-,-.2Eal. Devonian - Carboniferous times. Region uplifted entirely. Erosion of Ordovician slates and of More recent Silurians of west.
-stEp__L. Permian times. Eastern sector submerged below sea, but not so far from shore as in stage I (shoreline close to present Barber's Creel.). Sandstones deposited in horizontal layers.
+----
-Post-Pori:lian times, Bodily uplift of whole area, and erosion to present contours.
-The story is there complete in the main, and only one minor aspect reycains. During the Zilurian activity, molten rock froz]L deep down in the earth's crust welled up into the areas near the present 1:arl.11an. This, on coolias &alre rise to granite and poIrpbyry in these regions.
+=====Story In Stone - Part 2.=====
-Thus we may see in the story of the ancient Shoalhaven area, not a tale of hills eternal and timeless lands, but of a varied inter-change of land and sea. On future walks, you may see yourself the story revealed; the folded slates of the lower gorge, the sandstones of the upper, and the limestones L.12 Bungo-nia -- pieces of a history before tla6- afxma-of
+by Trouper.
+Part 1 (January edition) of the ancient history of the Shoalhaven R. area outlined the way in which the various rocks are formed - shale and sandstone are formed as sediments on the floor of a lake or sea, and changed into flint or slate when the countryside is crushed and folded by great forces in the earth's crust; whilst limestone is an accumulation of the calcium-containing remains of living organisins, e.g. corals.
+Now that we understand the nature of the rocks - the brown and grey flint and slate in the lower part, and the sandstones overlying them, we can examine the history of the area from a map - a geologic map (Plate 1). In the eastern portions of this map, we see that there are Ordovician slates, overlain by a cap of Permian sandstone, as is seen in the section, A-A. The names need cause no alarm - they are simply a convenient way of classifying a rock according to its age. Thus, from the list on the map, "Ordovician" rocks were first laid down as sediments during the period, 400 million to 380 million years ago; "Silurian" rocks originated during the Period 380 million to 320 million years ago, and so on.
+Upon what evidence do we base these statements of age? The chief evidence is that of fossils. In the sea which overlay the area of the ordovician slates were small fish called graptolites, organisms which lived in colonies, and grew in small, stringy clusters so that the aggregate was somewhat as illustrated in Plate 2. Now, these graptolites underwent a fairly rapid evolutionary process - the number of branches and the direction of growth of those branches changed, as is illustrated by reading the figure from left to right. Hence, if a particular type of graptolite is found in a particular stratum of slate, then its evolutionary stage at once gives a key to the age of that slate.
+Now, when we look to either side of the gorge in this area, we note three things. Firsty, the lower rock strata is distorted, and at about 1,000 feet above the river gives way suddenly to horizontally beddee rocks - that is, the upper rocks were not in existence at the time when the area was subjected to the great earth forces which distorted the lower shales, and hardened them to slates. Secondly, the lower rocks are brown or grey slates, laid down far from the shore of a sea; the upper are yellow sandstones which are deposited near a sea or lake shore. Thirdly, referring to the ages listed on the map, the Ordovician age ended 380 million years ago, but the Permian did not begin until 155 million years later. Layer by layer, the shales were built up, year by year - and then a gap. A hiatus of 155 million years, for the Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous ages are missed out. Deposition ceased, and in the interim the shales were crushed and folded and hardened into slates; and then, so many million years later, when the crushing foces had died away, sedimentation occurred again.
+What is the explanation of this missing chapter? It lies in the fact that, throughout the Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous ages, all this land had been uplifted above the water level; the sea had drained away, and where previously, deposition had been occurring, denudation (erosion) was now taking place. And finally, the area had been submerged once more, but this time the sea had not extended very far beyond the regions we are examining, and sandstones were laid down where for ages only erosion and earth-crumpling had taken place.
+Now look to Bungonia - here, Silurian shales and limestones. The rocks of the missing chapter! This area had been submerged whilst the eastern sector had been uplifted. That is, a shore-line had existed between the area now called Bungonia, and the opposite side of the present Shoalhaven. A noteworthy feature of this limestone belt is the fact that the remains of the ancient corals flank a gorge 1,000 feet deep. And yet, coral is a shallow-water organism and does not build at depths greater than about 10 feet. How, then, can there be 1,000 feet of fossil remains where the water had not been more than some 10 feet deep? The fact is that the land had not tilted and lain still, but it had gone on gradually tilting for millions of years, and as the region sank, fraction by fractions the corals went on building, always growing upwards to maintain their normal depth below the rising water.
+However, despite the existence of Silurian sediments on the Bungonia sides there is evidence even here that the progression was not a smooth one. For the upper slates were somewhat eroded away before being covered by the later shales. That is a general uplift had raised the whole land above the sea, and then re-submerged the western side. It did not now subside beneath the original sea, however, being covered instead by a vast inland lake.
+This land being now submerged, and gradually tilting to allow of the building of the corals, erosion started on the still-uplifted eastern section. Year by year, rivers were breaking down the Ordovician slates, and carrying the particles westward - to the lake, this time, and not to the sea - where they were deposited as muds around the corals, later to be dried to form the Silurian shales we now see around the limestone roof.
+We now have the history before us, and may recapitulate the tale, in some six stages: see Plate 2.
+__Stage 1__. Ordovician times. Whole area the floor of a sea, far from shore; muds being deposited year by year in horizontal layers on the sea-floor - later dried to form shales. Graptolites in sea and on muds.
+__Stage 2__. Silurian times. Whole area uplifted and partly eroded (time-gap between Ordovician and Silurian at Bungonia). Intense earth forces crush and fold area into slates.
+__Stage 3__. Silurian. West side subsides under inland lake, with shoreline east of Bungonia Gorge: limestone belts established and Ordovician rocks of east carried west by rivers; re-deposited in lake.
+__Stage 4__. Devonian - Carboniferous times. Region uplifted entirely. Erosion of Ordovician slates and of more recent Silurians of west.
+__Stage 5__. Permian times. Eastern sector submerged below sea, but not so far from shore as in stage 1 (shoreline close to present Barber's Creek). Sandstones deposited in horizontal layers.
+__Stage 6__. Post-Permian times. Bodily uplift of whole area, and erosion to present contours.
+The story is there complete in the main, and only one minor aspect remains. During the Silurian activity, molten rock from deep down in the earth's crust welled up into the areas near the present Maru1an. This, on cooling gave rise to granite and porphyry in these regions.
+Thus we may see in the story of the ancient Shoalhaven area, not a tale of hills eternal and timeless lands, but of a varied inter-change of land and sea. On future walks, you may see yourself the story revealed; the folded slates of the lower gorge, the sandstones of the upper, and the limestones of Bungonia - pieces of a history before the dawn of man.
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 "REUNION?" DID YOU SAY "FEDERATION REUNION?"
 Vr. -wsmi. A