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 Gawd immortalised our trip in the book on the summit with his ever-immaculate handwriting, and we were glad to be moving again. The dear old gent led the way, off in search of Guouogang Buttress as he'd been there in his youth and thought he could still remember. He took a compass bearing from the cairn and charged off over the edge. "Ye Gods is the ridge down there?" The mist swirled at our feet. It certainly didn't look like it. But there it was and he found it, though I cursed him every time I had to take my hands from under my arms where they were warm and haul out the compass.
-Well, our feet were on the homewood road and though the thought of a comfortless night didn't exactly beckon there was the anticipation of a warm fire and food at Kanangaroo,. We felt quite cheerful and as if in tune with our optimism the mist parted and gave a view of Cyclops across the Kanangra River. It looked so close - Kanangaroo was in the bag. And that was our fourth mistake.
+Well, our feet were on the homeward road and though the thought of a comfortless night didn't exactly beckon there was the anticipation of a warm fire and food at Kanangaroo,. We felt quite cheerful and as if in tune with our optimism the mist parted and gave a view of Cyclops across the Kanangra River. It looked so close - Kanangaroo was in the bag. And that was our fourth mistake.
 The buttress is a long ridge, long and narrow, and we followed it for a long time with never a twist or turn or saddle to give us any uneasiness, then it suddenly dropped and spread out and the ridge ran down over on the right. Of course Gawd and I didn't notice any of this but rambled straight on over the edge while it became steeper and steeper. Slowly the realisation filtered through the aura of our confidence - "We're off the ridge" said Gawd. "You're dead right" I agreed; but where were we? "Perhaps we've come to the end of the ridge where it curls round towards Kanangaroo". "Yes, that must be it." "Well, if we sidle round to the left we should get back on to the crest".
@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 Well that Sunday we proved it, and the kindly Mrs. Brown welcomed the two grizzly apparitions into her kitchen about six thirty and fed them an chick soup, then Snow dragged and pushed them to the station and that was about how it ended. Except that Gawd spent a week in bed with a strained sinew and, in case you're wondering, we both consider five mistakes are too many.
+=====Treatment Of Snake Bite.=====
-TREATMENT OF SNAKE BITE.
 - Ken Angel.
-The snakes which Bushwalkers are most likely to meet, listed in their order of danger to man, are :- (1) death adder, (2) tiger snake, (3) copperhead, (4) common brown snake, (5) red-bellied black snake. The tiger snake (probably) has caused the deaths of at least two walkers, both girls - one of them five or six years ago and the other just over twelve months ago - both of them in the Pelion area of The Reserve, Tasmania. In both cases the lives could probably have been saved but for failings in one case by the victim, and in the other case obviously by ignorance of the victimfs companions. I hope, therefore, that this article will clear Up any little points and prevent any repetition of fatalities.
-First of all, when a person is bitten he or she has an extremely good chance of recovery if correct treatment is applied. Before any specific treatment of snake bite was known, records show that deaths were:- death adder 5 deaths from-10 bites; tiger snaho, 18 in 45; brown snake, 6 in 70; black snake, 1 in 125. This, then, shows that a victim has a chance of recovery with no treatment whatsoever. However it is impossible to measure the amount of venom injected, due to such factors as thickness of clothing covering part, length of fangs, size of snake, tart of body bitten, etc., so every bite is to be regarded as potentially fatal. From the above figures it is seen that 50% or more of persons bitten did not receive a fatal dose of venom, and probably in a large proportion of the fatal cases the amount injected was only just sufficient to kill.
+The snakes which Bushwalkers are most likely to meet, listed in their order of danger to man, are:- (1) death adder, (2) tiger snake, (3) copperhead, (4) common brown snake, (5) red-bellied black snake. The tiger snake (probably) has caused the deaths of at least two walkers, both girls - one of them five or six years ago and the other just over twelve months ago - both of them in the Pelion area of The Reserve, Tasmania. In both cases the lives could probably have been saved but for failings in one case by the victim, and in the other case obviously by ignorance of the victim's companions. I hope, therefore, that this article will clear up any little points and prevent any repetition of fatalities.
-The dominant component of the venoms of Australian snakes is a neurotOxin, particularly in tiger, death adder, copperhead, brown, taipan, feebly so in the case of the black. The symptoms are an incoordinate gait such as might be found in an Admiral after a Xmas party, an increased drowsiness, the pupils are dilated and fail to respond to light, speech is slurred and difficult. Limbs are weak,
-.
+First of all, when a person is bitten he or she has an extremely good chance of recovery if correct treatment is applied. Before any specific treatment of snake bite was known, records show that deaths were:- death adder 5 deaths from 10 bites; tiger snake, 18 in 45; brown snake, 6 in 70; black snake, 1 in 125. This, then, shows that a victim has a chance of recovery with no treatment whatsoever. However it is impossible to measure the amount of venom injected, due to such factors as thickness of clothing covering part, length of fangs, size of snake, part of body bitten, etc., so every bite is to be regarded as potentially fatal. From the above figures it is seen that 50% or more of persons bitten did not receive a fatal dose of venom, and probably in a large proportion of the fatal cases the amount injected was only just sufficient to kill.
-though not completely paralysed, respiration becomes slow, and coma and death supervene. As a rule a single lethal dose of tiger snake venom takes about 48 hours to kill a human being, but may kill in a natter of minutes if injected into a blood vessel or if a great
-quantity is injected.
+The dominant component of the venoms of Australian snakes is a neurotoxin, particularly in tiger, death adder, copperhead, brown, taipan, feebly so in the case of the black. The symptoms are an inco-ordinate gait such as might be found in an Admiral after a Xmas party, an increased drowsiness, the pupils are dilated and fail to respond to light, speech is slurred and difficult. Limbs are weak, though not completely paralysed, respiration becomes slow, and coma and death supervene. As a rule a single lethal dose of tiger snake venom takes about 48 hours to kill a human being, but may kill in a matter of minutes if injected into a blood vessel or if a great quantity is injected.
 The second action is peripheral circulatory failure due to the liberation of histamine and is markedly present in the venom of a black snake and copperhead, but all other species possess it to a lesser degree. Symptoms - skin is pale and sweats easily, extremities are cold, pulse rapid and thread, respiration rapid and shallow. The venom of the tiger, brown, black and taipan may cause clotting in the important veins.
 General symptoms of snake bite are nausea, vomiting, faintness rapidly followed by drowsiness. Sometimes there is a pain in the chest or abdomen. These symptoms generally arise 15 minutes to 2 hours after the bite, though longer delay may occur if first aid has been given, or if the dose injected is sub or barely lethal. They may first occur when the ligature is first released.
-The puncture marks may vary from one to four depending upon whether any reserce fangs are present or not. Bites from the young of common venomous species are almost as dangerous as from the full): grown, Particularly to children, and cannot afford to be disregarded
-General Treatment.
+The puncture marks may vary from one to four depending upon whether any reserce fangs are present or not. Bites from the young of common venomous species are almost as dangerous as from the fully grown, particularly to children, and cannot afford to be disregarded.
-.i..AM14. w..ra,..mm-u.
-If the bite ib on a limb a ligature must be placed between the heart and the bite, tight enough to completely stop the circulation. It is better placed over clothing to minimise bruising. This must b- placed in position immediately after bite and left in that position for two hours, but at the end of the first half-hour, and subsequently every 10 minutes one may need to lift it for 30.40 seconds to let a little fresh blood enter the part. If anti-venene is available, the ligature should be removed as soon as a suitable quantity has been injected. The wound should then be washed to remove an venom 1,721nELaLliop surface with an--Traidavai a e. hac_ of the punctt, marks must then be Incised to the depth of This operation must be made within the first few minutes after the bite and the blood removed by suction. This method con be used also on a bite to which a tornique could not be applied. Its value in both cases, however, is limited by the fact that one rarely knows the direction the fange took on entering the skin. Excision is more efficient than incisior, but also only within the first few minutes after the bite. It is, however, not likely to be often practised; it would require a great deal of courage to perform excision on oneself, and it is not withov",; risk in unskilled hands. It consists of the removal of skin and subcutaneous tissues to a depth of inover an area of a little greate than one sqlare inch surrounding and containing the puncture marks. Suction is then applied. Local venesection is very good.4.f a persol, with very high medical knowledge is present in the party, but as normal walkers would not use this method (it necessitates the removE of 1.1i pints'of blood and in the case of children transfusions may be necessary), I will not give any details of its use.
+====General Treatment.====
-.
-The patient should be made to rest. In particular, no walking should be allowed for increased circulatory rate will hasten absorption of the venom. Furthermore, rest is necessary for the nervous system. Alcohol should NOT be given. The best beverage as a stimulan' is hot black coffee. The advantages of strychnine are doubtful. The patient should be kept warm and given plenty of fluid to combat shockc Morphine should not be used due to the dangers of respiratory failure. Finally, it is of the utmost importance that the patient should not become victim of his own fears.
-In the last Tasmanian fatality (in the DuCane Hut) death occurrea about 36 hours after the bite. Medical attention could have been summoned quite easily within that time, and anti-venene would almost certainly have saved her left despite the long delay (which would probably have been about 20 hours). As I stated previously, death fro, a tiger snake usually takes about 48 hours. It is only occasionally that we find ourselves in a spot where lightweight emergency two-way travel would take longer than this. If entering an area where such contact is impossible it is advisable, if possible, to obtain 0000 units of tiger snake anti-venene (which at the moment is 12. 8. 0 but is on the free medical list) and learn how to give injections by both intravenous and intramuscular routes. Even the serum has its drawbacks to anyone inadequately trained. Some people are violently allergic to the serum and it is therefore daagerous to administer it by the intravenous route. This allergy can only be detected by tests, so that anyone obtaining the serum should receive full medical instructions as to its use.
+If the bite is on a limb a ligature must be placed between the heart and the bite, tight enough to completely stop the circulation. It is better placed over clothing to minimise bruising. This must be placed in position immediately after bite and left in that position for two hours, but at the end of the first half-hour, and subsequently every 10 minutes one may need to lift it for 30-40 seconds to let a little fresh blood enter the part. If anti-venene is available, the ligature should be removed as soon as a suitable quantity has been injected. __The wound should then be washed to remove any venom lying on the surface, with any fluid available__. Each of the puncture marks must then be incised to the depth of 1/4". This operation must be made within the first few minutes after the bite and the blood removed by suction. This method con be used also on a bite to which a tornique could not be applied. Its value in both cases, however, is limited by the fact that one rarely knows the direction the fange took on entering the skin. Excision is more efficient than incision but also only within the first few minutes after the bite. It is, however, not likely to be often practised; it would require a great deal of courage to perform excision on oneself, and it is not without risk in unskilled hands. It consists of the removal of skin and subcutaneous tissues to a depth of 1/4" over an area of a little greater than one square inch surrounding and containing the puncture marks. Suction is then applied. Local venesection is very good if a person with very high medical knowledge is present in the party, but as normal walkers would not use this method (it necessitates the removal of 1 - 1 1/2 pints of blood and in the case of children transfusions may be necessary), I will not give any details of its use.
+The patient should be made to rest. In particular, no walking should be allowed for increased circulatory rate will hasten absorption of the venom. Furthermore, rest is necessary for the nervous system. Alcohol should NOT be given. The best beverage as a stimulant is hot black coffee. The advantages of strychnine are doubtful. The patient should be kept warm and given plenty of fluid to combat shock. Morphine should not be used due to the dangers of respiratory failure. Finally, it is of the utmost importance that the patient should not become victim of his own fears.
+In the last Tasmanian fatality (in the DuCane Hut) death occurred about 36 hours after the bite. Medical attention could have been summoned quite easily within that time, and anti-venene would almost certainly have saved her left despite the long delay (which would probably have been about 20 hours). As I stated previously, death from a tiger snake usually takes about 48 hours. It is only occasionally that we find ourselves in a spot where lightweight emergency two-way travel would take longer than this. If entering an area where such contact is impossible it is advisable, if possible, to obtain 6,000 units of tiger snake anti-venene (which at the moment is £12.8.0 but is on the free medical list) and learn how to give injections by both intravenous and intra-muscular routes. Even the serum has its drawbacks to anyone inadequately trained. Some people are violently allergic to the serum and it is therefore dangerous to administer it by the intravenous route. This allergy can only be detected by tests, so that anyone obtaining the serum should receive full medical instructions as to its use.
 Condy's crystals has been wiped off snake-bite treatments as doing more harm than good and is only useful as an antiseptic wash. The crystals should NOT be rubbed into the cuts.
-If possible identify the snake, but not at the expense of immediate treatment of the bite. Colour is not positive identification. The death adder has a short, stout body. It is brawn, red, or grey with darker crossbands. It has a broad, rough scaled head. The tail tapers off very sharply to a spine at the tip (which gave rise to the fallacy of a sting in the It is nocturnal, burying itself in sand or leaves in the daytime, and ganerally doesn't strike until touched. It varies in length from 8" to 2i feet.
-The tiger snake possesses, except for two sea snakes found in the Coral Sea, the deadliest venom, drop for drop, of any snake in the world. It is broad-headed, 3 to'5 feet long with colour varying from light grey to dark green, orange, dark brown and black with sometimes darker transverse bands like a tiger.
+If possible identify the snake, but not at the expense of immediate treatment of the bite. Colour is not positive identification. The death adder has a short, stout body. It is brawn, red, or grey with darker crossbands. It has a broad, rough scaled head. The tail tapers off very sharply to a spine at the tip (which gave rise to the fallacy of a "sting in the tail"). It is nocturnal, burying itself in sand or leaves in the daytime, and generally doesn't strike until touched. It varies in length from 8" to 2 1/2 feet.
+The tiger snake possesses, except for two sea snakes found in the Coral Sea, the deadliest venom, drop for drop, of any snake in the world. It is broad-headed, 3 to 5 feet long with colour varying from light grey to dark green, orange, dark brown and black with sometimes darker transverse bands like a tiger.
 The copperhead is a sluggish snake found usually in swampy country. It is yellow, brown, black or grey with an occasional blue and often yellow bellow, and has an average length of 3 to 4 feet.
 The common brown is brown or grey in colour, very fast, striking higher than most snakes. It averages 5 to 6 feet, though I have seen one 7 feet 9 inches.
 .
-The black red-bellied snake needs nO description, and the taipan is not likely to be met. It is, however, very similar to the King Brown, growing up to 10 feet with an extremely efficient biting apparatus with fangs up to i" long, and is probably not of Australian but of Asiatic origin.
-FEDFRNTION NOTES - MARCH.
+The black red-bellied snake needs no description, and the taipan is not likely to be met. It is, however, very similar to the King Brown, growing up to 10 feet with an extremely efficient biting apparatus with fangs up to 1/2" long, and is probably not of Australian but of Asiatic origin.
-- Allen A. Strom,
-WARRAGAMBA DAM: The President of Federation has made an appointment tc intgYV*Tew =President of the Water Board regarding walking parties in the Warragamba Catchment Area,
+=====Federation Notes - March.=====
-CAMPSITES AND HUTS IN TASMANIA: The Launceston Walking Club has
-Ygnaa-VF-ip771737CFEETs=67 and erect huts in parts of Tasmania not
+- Allen A. Strom.
-so supplied by Government exigencies. The N.S.W. Federation of Bushwalking Clubs has made a grant of ten pounds (lO) to this work. Private individuals and clubs are invited to assist. Further information from Stan Cottier, Secretary of the N.S.W. Federation.
-BARRINGTON HOUSE: Walkers visiting this area at Easter are reminded that itImIa be advisable to seek permission before crossing this Property.
+====Warragamba Dam:====
-COURIDJAH STATION: The Department of Railways has informed Federation that aWatoi tank is being erected at Couridjah Station in compliance with the wish of Federation.
-SEARCH AND RESCUE PRACTICE_WFEKEND:whicli has been arranged for March Tr5,19,01Th flds had to be pcaboned following the"State-wide Floods. Dates now suggested are May 6,7,8th or May 20,21,22nd.
+The President of Federation has made an appointment to interview the President of the Water Board regarding walking parties in the Warragamba Catchment Area.
-A Practice search in co-operdtion with the Wireless Institute of Australia was held on Sunday, March 13th, in the Royal National Park. This practice was to test the use of wireless in searches.
+====Campsites And Huts In Tasmania:====
+The Launceston Walking Club has decided to prepare campsites and erect huts in parts of Tasmania not so supplied by Government exigencies. The N.S.W. Federation of Bushwalking Clubs has made a grant of ten pounds (£lO) to this work. Private individuals and clubs are invited to assist. Further information from Stan Cottier, Secretary of the N.S.W. Federation.
+====Barrington House:====
+Walkers visiting this area at Easter are reminded that it would be advisable to seek permission before crossing this property.
+====Couridjah Station:====
+The Department of Railways has informed Federation that a water tank is being erected at Couridjah Station in compliance with the wish of Federation.
+====Search And Rescue Practice Weekend:====
+Which has been arranged for March 18,19,20th has had to be postponed following the State-wide Floods. Dates now suggested are May 6,7,8th or May 20,21,22nd.
+A Practice search in co-operation with the Wireless Institute of Australia was held on Sunday, March 13th, in the Royal National Park. This practice was to test the use of wireless in searches.
 The Kameruka Club gave notice that they intended to erect a plaque and form drinking holes on the soak near Mount Warrigal to the memory of R. Thomas, late President of the Club.
-CONSERVATION BURELU: The Federation will accept nominations for one Eddffion= mc-nber on the Conservation Bureau.
-Following anon a protest from the Secretary of The Heathcote Primitive Area Trust, the ven. for the Annual Federation Camp, was changed from Morella Karong to Long Angle Oully, Warrimoo.
+====Conservation Bureau:====
-BONG BONG PROPOSAL: The Budderoo Section has been recently surveyed and relYori;ed Lpon by an of of the Department of Lands. The report recommended that the natural conditions of the Crown Lands on the Plateau should not be disposed of or developed further; but opposition to a National Park was expressed as it was felt that this would bring destructive forces to the area. The Department appears to favour reservation for the Preservation of Flora and Fauna. This is
-.
+The Federation will accept nominations for one additional member on the Conservation Bureau.
-important because it is known that there is a move to establish extensive dairying an the Plateau.
-The Barren Grounds Section has been given a clean sheet by the Depart merit of Mines and the matter new rests with a decision by the Department of Lands regarding the establishment of a Faunal Reserve.
+Following upon a protest from the Secretary of The Heathcote Primitive Area Trust, the venue for the Annual Federation Camp, was changed from Morella Karong to Long Angle Gully, Warrimoo.
-ALIENATION OF PORTION OF TEE ROYAL NATIONAL PARK: Letters of protest
--0757176777737157-71=07fE7-2TErs=73.7rFnds and "The Sydney
+====Bong Bong Proposal:====
-Morning Herald". These letters made a special point of the fact that decisions of this kind were arrived at and negotiation finalised befc.r. a public announcement was made. It was recommended that a public enquiry should be held in each case of alienation from a National Par, so that the general public may voice an opinion and hence influence legislation on the matter.
-ETTREMA AND BUDAWANG AREA: Following upon the decision of the Depart- merit of =7 not to acquiesce in the establishment of a Faunal Reserve over the Morton Primitive Reserve, an effort Will now be made
+The Budderoo Section has been recently surveyed and reported upon by an officer of the Department of Lands. The report recommended that the natural conditions of the Crown Lands on the Plateau should not be disposed of or developed further; but opposition to a National Park was expressed as it was felt that this would bring destructive forces to the area. The Department appears to favour reservation for the Preservation of Flora and Fauna. This is important because it is known that there is a move to establish extensive dairying an the Plateau.
-to interest the Fauna Protection Panel in the Ettrena-Budawang Area as a Faunal Reserve,
+The Barren Grounds Section has been given a clean sheet by the Department of Mines and the matter new rests with a decision by the Department of Lands regarding the establishment of a Faunal Reserve.
+====Alienation Of Portion Of The Royal National Park:====
+Letters of protest were written to the Premier, the Minister for Lands and "The Sydney Morning Herald". These letters made a special point of the fact that decisions of this kind were arrived at and negotiation finalised before a public announcement was made. It was recommended that a public enquiry should be held in each case of alienation from a National Park so that the general public may voice an opinion and hence influence legislation on the matter.
+====Ettrema And Budawang Area:====
+Following upon the decision of the Department of Lands not to acquiesce in the establishment of a Faunal Reserve over the Morton Primitive Reserve, an effort Will now be made to interest the Fauna Protection Panel in the Ettrena-Budawang Area as a Faunal Reserve.
 Visits to Areas for which there are conservation plans, will be undertaken as follows -
-April 15,16.17th:: Kariong: West Patonga Area.
+April 15,16.17th: Kariong: West Patonga Area.
 April 22 to 25th (Anzac Day Weekend): Budawang; Corang Creek.
-If you want to interest your friends and relatives in our Conservatic:-. Projects we can help with Transport ard Trips, propaganda leaflets and showing of colour transparencies. Ring UA2983.
+If you want to interest your friends and relatives in our Conservation Projects we can help with Transport and Trips, propaganda leaflets and showing of colour transparencies. Ring UA2983.
 TEE ANNUAL RE-UNION.
 Digby.