198101
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- | **THE SYDNEY BUSHWALKER** | + | =====The Sydney Bushwalker.===== |
A monthly bulletin of matters of interest to The Sydney Bush Walkers, Box 4476 G.P.O., Sydney, 2001. Club meetings are held every Wednesday evening from 7.30 pm at the Wireless Institute Building, 14 Atchison Street, St. Leonards. Enquiries concerning the Club should be referred to Ann Ravn, Telephone 798-8607. | A monthly bulletin of matters of interest to The Sydney Bush Walkers, Box 4476 G.P.O., Sydney, 2001. Club meetings are held every Wednesday evening from 7.30 pm at the Wireless Institute Building, 14 Atchison Street, St. Leonards. Enquiries concerning the Club should be referred to Ann Ravn, Telephone 798-8607. | ||
- | |EDITOR|Helen Gray, 209 Malton Road, Epping, 2121. Telephone 86-6263| | + | |Editor|Helen Gray, 209 Malton Road, Epping, 2121. Telephone 86-6263| |
- | |BUSINESS MANAGER|Bill Burke, 3 Coral Tree Drive, Carlingford, | + | |Business Manager|Bill Burke, 3 Coral Tree Drive, Carlingford, |
- | |TYPIST|Kath Brown. Telephone 81-2675| | + | |Typist|Kath Brown. Telephone 81-2675| |
- | |DUPLICATOR OPERATOR|Phil Butt| | + | |Duplicator Operator|Phil Butt| |
+ | ====January, | ||
- | **JANUARY, 1981.** | + | | | |Page| |
|Mud Sliding and Rock Skating in the Bindook Area |Joy Hynes| 2| | |Mud Sliding and Rock Skating in the Bindook Area |Joy Hynes| 2| | ||
- | |Kosciusko | + | |Kosciusko National Park - Plan of Management Review| |4| |
- | |Advertisement - Eastwood Camping Centre | |12| | + | |Advertisement - Eastwood Camping Centre| |12| |
- | |"Stop Press" |Anon. |13| | + | |"Stop Press" |
- | |The Flowers of Srinagar - Part IV |Bill Gillam |14| | + | |The Flowers of Srinagar - Part IV|Bill Gillam |14| |
- | |Social Notes for February| Peter Miller| 16| | + | |Social Notes for February|Peter Miller|16| |
- | + | =====Mud Sliding and Rock Skating in the Bindook Area.===== | |
- | + | ||
- | ====== Mud Sliding and Rock Skating in the Bindook Area ====== | + | |
Joy Hynes | Joy Hynes | ||
With bush fires literally breathing down own necks, the following entrants in the above competition set off, fully prepared to drink and eat everything cold and pre-cooked, for the weekend:- | With bush fires literally breathing down own necks, the following entrants in the above competition set off, fully prepared to drink and eat everything cold and pre-cooked, for the weekend:- | ||
- | Chris and Mark Dabbs, Rowena Evans, Michael Floyd, Peter Franks, Bill Gamble, Kathy Gero, Steve Holland, Victor Lewin, Brian Palm, Frank Roberts, Cev Sternhill, Bronwyn Stow and Frank Woodgate ably, | + | |
+ | Chris and Mark Dabbs, Rowena Evans, Michael Floyd, Peter Franks, Bill Gamble, Kathy Gero, Steve Holland, Victor Lewin, Brian Palm, Frank Roberts, Cev Sternhill, Bronwyn Stow and Frank Woodgate | ||
Prior to our arrival on the Wombeyan-Goodman' | Prior to our arrival on the Wombeyan-Goodman' | ||
- | We were just preparing to proceed up Mt. Bindook after lunch, when a rider on horseback arrived in our midst, and we were entertained for the following quarter of an hour or so by none other than Mr. Neville Lang, who spoke about the area generally. He advised us of a better route up Bindook, which went directly up the mountain, instead of up and into the saddle and up again. After Ian and Victor conferred with the others, it was decided to follow his directions, and so we proceeded upstream a little further and then up, up and away. I am certain Mr. Lang was just getting his revenge upon us for avoiding his " | + | We were just preparing to proceed up Mt. Bindook after lunch, when a rider on horseback arrived in our midst, and we were entertained for the following quarter of an hour or so by none other than Mr. Neville Lang, who spoke about the area generally. He advised us of a better route up Bindook, which went directly up the mountain, instead of up and into the saddle and up again. After Ian and Victor conferred with the others, it was decided to follow his directions, and so we proceeded upstream a little further and then up, up and away. I am certain Mr. Lang was just getting his revenge upon us for avoiding his " |
- | would like to have ventured up the original trail. | + | |
After what felt like several hours, we finally achieved our object, and I for one was absolutely speechless with the magnificence of the view. Small glimpses on the way up had whet our appetites, and the final goal was well worth the effort of every screaming muscle. After suitable refreshment, | After what felt like several hours, we finally achieved our object, and I for one was absolutely speechless with the magnificence of the view. Small glimpses on the way up had whet our appetites, and the final goal was well worth the effort of every screaming muscle. After suitable refreshment, | ||
Line 38: | Line 37: | ||
Telephones have nothing on the bush telegraph, because Mrs. Lang knew who we were, and that we had been talking to her husband some few hours earlier. We all then advanced up the road (mainly up, very few downs) to where the Tomat Falls road went off to the right. By this time most of the party were beginning to feel a little weary and footsore, but were encouraged to go further with the thought that tomorrow would then be easier and shorter (foolish thought). We passed a few farm buildings and animals and marvelled at the endurance of people living in these remote areas. We soon arrived at the creek and decided to camp for the night. We were very fortunate to get tents up and tea cooked before the rain came down in buckets. The drought needed to be broken, but did it have to be in the middle of our walk, and in such heavy buckets? | Telephones have nothing on the bush telegraph, because Mrs. Lang knew who we were, and that we had been talking to her husband some few hours earlier. We all then advanced up the road (mainly up, very few downs) to where the Tomat Falls road went off to the right. By this time most of the party were beginning to feel a little weary and footsore, but were encouraged to go further with the thought that tomorrow would then be easier and shorter (foolish thought). We passed a few farm buildings and animals and marvelled at the endurance of people living in these remote areas. We soon arrived at the creek and decided to camp for the night. We were very fortunate to get tents up and tea cooked before the rain came down in buckets. The drought needed to be broken, but did it have to be in the middle of our walk, and in such heavy buckets? | ||
- | Sunday morning arrived on time, but without the sun and with lots and lots of heavy rain, which made breakfast and breaking camp very uncomfortable and slow, and we did not depart until about 9.30 am. Owing to the dangerous condition of the falls in the rain, only six of the more courageous members of the party (Chris and Mark, Bron and Michael, Cev and Brian) decided to venture (or should I say slide) | + | Sunday morning arrived on time, but without the sun and with lots and lots of heavy rain, which made breakfast and breaking camp very uncomfortable and slow, and we did not depart until about 9.30 am. Owing to the dangerous condition of the falls in the rain, only six of the more courageous members of the party (Chris and Mark, Bron and Michael, Cev and Brian) decided to venture (or should I say slide) |
However, a surprise at lunch time made it worth while. Sloshing along the fire trail towards what is known as The Priests Hut, we came out into a clearing - truly at the end of the world - complete with 4-wheel drive, caravan, a normal-drive car and a half-finished shed. The owner of this " | However, a surprise at lunch time made it worth while. Sloshing along the fire trail towards what is known as The Priests Hut, we came out into a clearing - truly at the end of the world - complete with 4-wheel drive, caravan, a normal-drive car and a half-finished shed. The owner of this " | ||
Line 46: | Line 45: | ||
Host Ian then walked a little way with us to the top of a small mountain and pointed out a track we were unaware of which led straight down onto the " | Host Ian then walked a little way with us to the top of a small mountain and pointed out a track we were unaware of which led straight down onto the " | ||
- | + | =====Kosciusko National Park Plan of Management Review===== | |
- | ====== Kosciusko National Park Plan of Management Review | + | |
- | |||
(This Review was received in club correspondence for December, and as all club members are interested in Kosciusko National Park either as walkers and/or skiers, we are publishing it in full. Note that it is NOT the Draft Plan of Management which is still to be finalised. EDITOR.) | (This Review was received in club correspondence for December, and as all club members are interested in Kosciusko National Park either as walkers and/or skiers, we are publishing it in full. Note that it is NOT the Draft Plan of Management which is still to be finalised. EDITOR.) | ||
- | INTRODUCTION | + | ====Introduction==== |
The Planning Issue Statement on Resort Areas was published in May, 1980, This Statement was one of a series designed to stimulate interest and comment on important planning issues being considered as part of the review of the Kosciusko National Park Plan of Management. The main points covered by the Statement included: | The Planning Issue Statement on Resort Areas was published in May, 1980, This Statement was one of a series designed to stimulate interest and comment on important planning issues being considered as part of the review of the Kosciusko National Park Plan of Management. The main points covered by the Statement included: | ||
- | The Planning Issues: Snowfield use has continued to expand to the stage where existing access, | ||
- | Because of the Park's international importance there must be a limit to which development can be permitted.\\ | ||
- | Use of the Park should be available to as wide a range of visitors as possible and not be restricted to specific sections of the community.\\ | ||
- | Financial constraints will dictate the amount of public funds available for road construction and provision of new services.\\ | ||
- | The community will not accept continued disturbance of the Park's fragile alpine and subalpine area.\\ | ||
- | New Skiing | + | __The Planning Issues__: Snowfield use has continued to expand to the stage where existing access, |
+ | |||
+ | * Because of the Park's international importance there must be a limit to which development can be permitted. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Use of the Park should be available to as wide a range of visitors as possible and not be restricted to specific sections of the community. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Financial constraints will dictate the amount of public funds available for road construction and provision of new services. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * The community will not accept continued disturbance of the Park's fragile alpine and sub-alpine area. | ||
+ | |||
+ | __New Skiing | ||
- | Accommodation: It was suggested that the only additional accommodation that may be provided will be that required for essential servicing staff or to fulfil existing commitments. | + | __Accommodation__: It was suggested that the only additional accommodation that may be provided will be that required for essential servicing staff or to fulfil existing commitments. |
- | Access: The.use of mass transit into resort areas to cater for the increased numbers of visitors was suggested. | + | __Access__: The use of mass transit into resort areas to cater for the increased numbers of visitors was suggested. |
- | Over 280 written submissions, | + | Over 280 written submissions, |
- | Plan when it becomes available in the new year. | + | |
- | The information provided in this Sheet relates to seven general issues: | + | It is obvious that there is enormous public interest in the future of the Park and its Plan of Management. This sheet attempts to answer some of the most common questions from the submissions, |
- | visitor numbers\\ | + | |
- | the impact of skiing at, and overseas comparisons with, Kosciusko National Park.\\ | + | |
- | accommodation\\ | + | |
- | access \\ | + | |
- | new skiing opportunities\\ | + | |
- | the legal requirements of planning, and .\\ | + | |
- | water supply and sewerage. | + | |
- | It is intended to continue discussions with local government, skier representative bodies and other organisations interested in this planning process before the Draft Plan is finalised. The discussions will proceed through November. Any statistics or opinions which might conflict with the arguments outlined here should be brought to the attention of such bodies, or the Planning Officer, as soon as possible. Alternatively, | + | * visitor numbers |
+ | |||
+ | * the impact of skiing at, and overseas comparisons with, Kosciusko National Park. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * accommodation | ||
+ | |||
+ | * access | ||
+ | |||
+ | * new skiing opportunities | ||
+ | |||
+ | * the legal requirements of planning, and | ||
+ | |||
+ | * water supply and sewerage. | ||
+ | |||
+ | It is intended to continue discussions with local government, skier representative bodies and other organisations interested in this planning process before the Draft Plan is finalised. The discussions will proceed through November. Any statistics or opinions which might conflict with the arguments outlined here should be brought to the attention of such bodies, or the Planning Officer, as soon as possible. Alternatively, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Questions and Comments==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | __A. Visitor Numbers.__ | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. How many winter visitors will be using hte Park in future years? | ||
- | QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS | ||
- | A. Visitor Numbers | ||
- | HOW MANY WINTER VISITORS WILL BE USING THE PARK IN FUTURE YEARS? | ||
It depends who you ask. There are a range of estimates for the next decade: | It depends who you ask. There are a range of estimates for the next decade: | ||
Peak Day Visitors (Eastern Resorts) | Peak Day Visitors (Eastern Resorts) | ||
- | |Estimate Basis | Increase pa. |1980|1985|1990| | + | |Estimate Basis|Increase pa.|1980|1985|1990| |
- | + | |Aust.Ski Federation (high)|22%|24, | |
- | |Aust.Ski Federation (high)| 22%| 24, | + | |N.S.W. Ski Association|l8%|24, |
- | |N.S.W. Ski Association| l8%| 24, | + | |Aust. Ski Federation (low)|15%|24, |
- | |Aus-t.Ski Federation (lbw)| 15%| 24, | + | |Perisher Range Planning Study|12%|24, |
- | |Perisher Range Planning Study| 12%| 24, | + | |Kosciusko |
- | |Kosciusko | + | |N.P.W.S./ |
- | |N.P.W.S./ | + | |
Total Winter Visitors | Total Winter Visitors | ||
- | Estimate:Basis ........... Increase 1985-- -1990 | + | |Estimate Basis|Increase |
- | AU6-6.Ski -FederatiOn-Chith) - 22% -2;7305:000- -79378;000 | + | |Aust. Ski Federation (high)|22%|1,010,000|2,730,000|7,378,000| |
- | .'N.S.W.Ski Association 1,0109000 2; | + | |N.S.W. Ski Association|18%|1,010,000|2, |
- | Aust.Ski Federation (low) 15% 1, | + | |Aust. Ski Federation (low)|15%|1,010,000|2,031,000|4,086,000| |
- | Perisher Range Planning Study 12% 1, | + | |Perisher Range Planning Study|12%|1,010,000|1,780,000|3,137,000| |
- | Kosciusko | + | |Kosciusko |
- | N P.W.S./ | + | |N.P.W.S./ |
- | and -Environment -Commission | + | |
+ | *Planning and Environemnt Commission | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. How many of the visitors are alpine skiers? | ||
- | 2. HOW MANY OF THE VISITORS ARE ALPINE SKIERS?\\ | ||
At present an estimated 1,930,000 visits are made to the Park in a year. About one third of these visits are by alpine skiers. (About half the visits are recorded for the winter months, when about 70% of visitors are alpine skiers.) | At present an estimated 1,930,000 visits are made to the Park in a year. About one third of these visits are by alpine skiers. (About half the visits are recorded for the winter months, when about 70% of visitors are alpine skiers.) | ||
- | B.. The Impact of Skiing on, and Overseas Comparisons with, Kosciusko N.Park. | + | __B. The Impact of Skiing on, and Overseas Comparisons with, Kosciusko N.Park.__ |
- | True, as far as it goes. However, only 15% of the Park is above the averaap | + | |
+ | 3. Skiers occupy only 3% of the Park, don't they? | ||
+ | |||
+ | True, as far as it goes. However, only 15% of the Park is above the average | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Doesn' | ||
- | 4. DOESN' | ||
The actual activity of snow skiing has little impact. Nevertheless, | The actual activity of snow skiing has little impact. Nevertheless, | ||
- | 5. IS IT NOT THE CASE THAT EXPANSION OF THE RESORTS WILL HAVE NO DELETERIOUS IMPACT ON THE PARK BECAUSE THE ENVIRONMENTS OF THE RESORTS HAVE ALREADY BEEN SUBSTANTIALLY ALTERED BY EXISTING DEVELOPMENTS? | + | 5. Is it not the case that expansion ofhte resorts |
- | The presence of the existing | + | |
- | 6. HEAVILY USED SKIING AREAS IN-EUROPE AND THE U.S.A. | + | The presence of the existing resorts does not provide a justification for intensive urbanisation of the snowfields. Whilst there are problems within existing resort areas, particularly with regard of water supply and sewerage, these should be investigated and solved rather than made worse. There are many valuable environments, |
- | Comparisons between the skiing areas of Kosciusko National Park and overseas should be made with a great deal of caution. The skiing areas of the northern hemisphere are in temperate high latitude areas receiving extensive snow falls. By comparison, the Kosciusko resorts are in the same latitude as the African side of the Mediterranean Sea! In addition, ski held developments in Australia are all at or above the treeline, and in ecological terms are effectively far higher in the mountains than most of their overseas counterparts. There are very few examples overseas of ski resorts which are developed in environments as restricted in their continental distribution or as fragile as the alpine area of Kosciusko National Park. The international importance of the Park was officially acknowledged in January 1977, when it was designated a Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO' | + | |
+ | 6. Heavily used skiing areas in Europe and the U.S.A. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Comparisons between the skiing areas of Kosciusko National Park and overseas should be made with a great deal of caution. The skiing areas of the northern hemisphere are in temperate high latitude areas receiving extensive snow falls. By comparison, the Kosciusko resorts are in the same latitude as the African side of the Mediterranean Sea! In addition, ski field developments in Australia are all at or above the tree line, and in ecological terms are effectively far higher in the mountains than most of their overseas counterparts. There are very few examples overseas of ski resorts which are developed in environments as restricted in their continental distribution or as fragile as the alpine area of Kosciusko National Park. The international importance of the Park was officially acknowledged in January 1977, when it was designated a Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO' | ||
C. Accommodation. \\ | C. Accommodation. \\ | ||
Line 139: | Line 156: | ||
10 WOULDN' | 10 WOULDN' | ||
- | The construction of buildings does have some detrimental effects, such as rapid run-off. However, it is the provision of associated services, such as access roads, water storage and supply and electricity reticulation, | + | The construction of buildings does have some detrimental effects, such as rapid run-off. However, it is the provision of associated services, such as access roads, water storage and supply and electricity reticulation, |
D. Access. \\ | D. Access. \\ | ||
Line 147: | Line 164: | ||
Holding the number of visitors entering the Park in private cars at present levels, and meeting demand with new accommodation within the Park, would result in an increase in beds from a little over 6,000 to well over 50,000 within the next 10 years. Fifty thousand beds represent about five towns with the population of Cooma, or two towns the size of Queanbeyan or Goulburn within the snowfields of Kosciusko National Park! | Holding the number of visitors entering the Park in private cars at present levels, and meeting demand with new accommodation within the Park, would result in an increase in beds from a little over 6,000 to well over 50,000 within the next 10 years. Fifty thousand beds represent about five towns with the population of Cooma, or two towns the size of Queanbeyan or Goulburn within the snowfields of Kosciusko National Park! | ||
- | 12. WOULDN' | + | 12. WOULDN' |
- | There may be no practical alternative to a mass transit system. The capacity of Kosciusko Road (to Paisher, Smiggins and Guthega) and the Alpine | + | There may be no practical alternative to a mass transit system. The capacity of Kosciusko Road (to Perisher, Smiggins and Guthega) and the Alpine |
- | the three hour morning " | + | |
- | Preliminary estimates put the ultimate ski area capacity of the Park at about 509000 visitors. per day. If opportunities-are available for all of these visitors by 1990, some 31,000 (50, | + | |
- | A possible option is to continue the current trend to a bus/carmix, with an upgradd4 bus service as demand. requires. Each bus could carry 40 personsF whilst occupying a road space equivalent to 4 cars (carrying 12.6 people). | + | |
- | . If major new ski areas are opened up, mass transit-will probably be . | + | |
- | essential. Investigations are continuing into the efficient and economical organisation of such a system. | + | |
- | 13. WHAT ABOUT A MONORAIL, RAILWAY OR TUNNEL SYSTXM TO IMPROVE ACCESS? | + | |
- | Any suck option will be carefully examined, but cost will be critical, pa-.# | + | |
- | Eb New Skiine Ouortunities. | + | |
- | -14: | + | |
- | The Planning Issue Statement on Resort Areas indicated that the | + | |
- | suitability of any other areas within the Park which may have potential for skiing development will be evaluated. If the Australian Ski Federation. clenand | + | Preliminary estimates put the ultimate ski area capacity of the Park at about 50,000 visitors per day. If opportunities are available for all of these visitors by 1990, some 31,000 (50, |
- | 15. WHAT IS THE POTENTIAL OF THE EASTERN PART OF THE SNOUFIELDS | + | |
- | Accurate estimates are difficult to determine. | + | A possible option is to continue the current trend to a bus/car mix, with an upgraded bus service as demand requires. Each bus could carry 40 persons whilst occupying a road space equivalent to 4 cars (carrying 12.6 people). If major new ski areas are opened up, mass transit will probably be essential. Investigations are continuing into the efficient and economical organisation of such a system. |
- | A roximate | + | |
+ | 13. WHAT ABOUT A MONORAIL, RAILWAY OR TUNNEL SYSTEM TO IMPROVE ACCESS?\\ | ||
+ | Any such option will be carefully examined, but cost will be critical, particularly if an investment has to be recouped over the normal 10-16 week skiing season. Mass transit systems are unlikely to be essential outside off peak use periods. | ||
+ | |||
+ | New Skiing Opportunities.\\ | ||
+ | 14: SHOULD NEW RESORT' | ||
+ | |||
+ | The Planning Issue Statement on Resort Areas indicated that the suitability of any other areas within the Park which may have potential for skiing development will be evaluated. If the Australian Ski Federation | ||
+ | |||
+ | 15. WHAT IS THE POTENTIAL OF THE EASTERN PART OF THE SNOWFIELDS | ||
+ | Accurate estimates are difficult to determine. | ||
+ | |||
+ | An approximate | ||
Thredbo 7, | Thredbo 7, | ||
Perisher/ | Perisher/ | ||
Line 181: | Line 200: | ||
21000 ) visitors/ | 21000 ) visitors/ | ||
23,350 day | 23,350 day | ||
- | (1) approx. 70% of these visitors are alpine skiers. . | + | |
- | (2) Dead_ Horse Gap side of Thredbo Village skiing area. | + | (1) approx. 70% of these visitors are alpine skiers. |
+ | (2) Dead Horse Gap side of Thredbo Village skiing area. | ||
(3) This is one of several possible sites for a development on the Ramshead Range. | (3) This is one of several possible sites for a development on the Ramshead Range. | ||
- | The Legal of Plannina | + | |
- | ITOW DOES-THE-LAW-OF THE'STATE-OFN.S.W. AFFECT PLANNING FOR RESORT | + | The Legalities |
- | The main legal requirements are contained in the National Parks and Wildlife Act .1974, Clean Waters Act 1970 and the Environmental.Planning, | + | HOW DOES THE LAW OF THE STATE OF N.S.W. AFFECT PLANNING FOR RESORT |
- | Assessment .Act 1979. | + | The main legal requirements are contained in the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, Clean Waters Act 1970 and the Environmental Planning, |
a. | a. | ||
b. Inf ill of Existing Areas | b. Inf ill of Existing Areas | ||
Line 198: | Line 218: | ||
(1) N.SW. National Parks and Wildlife Act 1 74. | (1) N.SW. National Parks and Wildlife Act 1 74. | ||
(a) Se& | (a) Se& | ||
- | (b) Section 72(4) requires that in the preparation of a plan of manage- | + | (b) Section 72(4) requires that in the preparation of a plan of management |
- | ment the following Objectives will have to be taken into account: | + | |
The conservation of wildlife. | The conservation of wildlife. | ||
The preservation of a national park and the protection of its special features. | The preservation of a national park and the protection of its special features. | ||
Line 205: | Line 224: | ||
condition and special features of a national park. | condition and special features of a national park. | ||
The preservation of any historic structure or object or any relic or Aboriginal place in a national park. | The preservation of any historic structure or object or any relic or Aboriginal place in a national park. | ||
- | The aptii' | + | The appropriate |
or occupants. | or occupants. | ||
The preservation of a national park as a catchment area. | The preservation of a national park as a catchment area. | ||
Line 212: | Line 231: | ||
The encouragement and regulation of the appropriate use, understanding and enjoyment of a national park. | The encouragement and regulation of the appropriate use, understanding and enjoyment of a national park. | ||
(2) Clean Waters Act 1970. | (2) Clean Waters Act 1970. | ||
- | (a)-CIaggifioation-cif-Waters. The State Pollution Control Commission | + | (a)-CIaggifioation-cif-Waters. The State Pollution Control Commission |
- | is proposed to classify the waters below resort areas as either Protected. Waters (P) or Controlled Waters (C). This will require any effluent from resort delclopments to comply with the standards set in.the,Act. Standards will be imposed on allowable pollutants. (Sections 11, 12, 13). | + | (b) Licensing. |
- | (b) Licensing. | + | - (c) Discharge into Classified Waters. Nutrients are not to be discharged from, the resorts.if.they.cause excessive plant growth in the water of the receiving |
- | - (c) Discharge into Classified Waters. Nutrients are not to be discharged from, the resorts.if.they.cause excessive plant growth in the water of the rec' | + | |
- of a9 parts of fresh water to 1 part effluent. | - of a9 parts of fresh water to 1 part effluent. | ||
CO Environmental Planning and Assessment Act .1979. . | CO Environmental Planning and Assessment Act .1979. . | ||
r Thie-ACt" | r Thie-ACt" | ||
- | at Environmental Impact Statement be prepared for works sudh as resort | + | at Environmental Impact Statement be prepared for works such as resort |
- | The Act also requires public exhibition of Environmental Impact | + | |
- | Page 11 TEE SYDNEY BUSHWALKER January, | + | The Act also requires public exhibition of Environmental Impact |
- | - . | + | |
- | ';' | + | |
17.- WHY DO SZTERA.GE -EPFLUENT2 PROBLEMS CAUSE SO 111.1.9H-COU-ERTIWD COADEENT? | 17.- WHY DO SZTERA.GE -EPFLUENT2 PROBLEMS CAUSE SO 111.1.9H-COU-ERTIWD COADEENT? | ||
- | . The basic problem is that the ski resorts, unlik' | + | The basic problem is that the ski resorts, unlik' |
counterparts, | counterparts, | ||
and. Smiggin Holes and somevir.b.aVODetter; | and. Smiggin Holes and somevir.b.aVODetter; | ||
Line 232: | Line 249: | ||
Strict standards for treatehi-effluent-li, | Strict standards for treatehi-effluent-li, | ||
of Classified Waters proposed. for the ,: | of Classified Waters proposed. for the ,: | ||
- | ments at Per1, | + | ments at Per1, |
18. WHAT EACTIG" | 18. WHAT EACTIG" | ||
, None of the existing resort areas has an adequate vrate# storage and | , None of the existing resort areas has an adequate vrate# storage and | ||
supply capacityii. ...3; | supply capacityii. ...3; | ||
- | considerable inv.gsUgatibn and, | + | considerable inv.gsUgatibn and, |
- | 19. IF WATER IS A CONSTR, | + | |
- | A day v;sitor. uses far less water and Produces far less .sewage than an overnight ;: | + | |
- | as every overnight: | + | |
- | G. Water Supply and Sewerage. | + | |
- | use rather thiIi overnight adcommodation will allow fE,...r more people to use the same facil' | + | |
- | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | + | |
- | WALKS PROGRATIM: 11.12111LENT. ru 1 8r. | + | 19. IF WATER IS A CONSTRAINT, |
- | ' | + | A day visitor uses far less water and produces far less sewage than an overnight visitor. The current design criteria. for sewer,:age works indicates thaii fill* day visitors produce the same load on these services as every overnight visitor.Recent studies in the Park have suggested that the actual ratio may be nearer to 20 to 1. Hence, planning for day use rather than overnight accommodation will allow for more people to use the same facilities within the Park. |
- | LEADER: | + | |
- | XXXXXXXXXX | + | |
- | eastvvood | + | |
- | camping | + | WALKS PROGRAM: 11.12111LENT. ru 1 8r. |
- | ce | + | ' |
- | ICAMPING EQUIPMENT Large Tents Stoves | + | LEADER: |
- | BUSHVVALKERS | + | |
- | ILightweight Tents Sleeping Bags Rucksacks | + | |
- | DISTRIBUTORS OF: | + | |
- | Paddymade | + | |
- | Proprietors: | + | |
- | EASTWOOD CANVAS GOODS & CAMPING SUPPLIES 3 Tr e;awney St Lastwood NSW 2122 Phone: 858 2775 | + | |
- | Rutledge Street | + | |
- | Rowe Street | + | |
Line 273: | Line 277: | ||
- | NEW PHONE NUMBER - Check Walks Programmel' | + | NEW PHONE NUMBER - Check Walks Programme |
Len Newland may now be contacted on Tel. 232,1252 (B). | Len Newland may now be contacted on Tel. 232,1252 (B). | ||
Line 281: | Line 285: | ||
by Bill Gillam. | by Bill Gillam. | ||
- | Depth of field of a lens is a direct variable of the size of the lens opening - it will vary in the way marked: on the lens barrel not whether it was made in Germany or Japan. All modern compound lenses | + | Depth of field of a lens is a direct variable of the size of the lens opening - it will vary in the way marked on the lens barrel not whether it was made in Germany or Japan. All modern compound lenses |
- | A 50 mom. lens is normally supplied with the camera as the standa-rd ,lens. It covers an angle of view roughly equivalent'to normal forward vision. It is a generally useful bland compromise giving restricted visual effects. It will focus to 0.5 metres at which distance a page of this magazine just fills the frame. Far too big for wild flower studies. Pointed at .a landscape all but the most prominent features flatten out leaving the centre of interest framed with a devastatingly blue sky occupying 20% of the frame. These limitations are, I think,-responsible for most of our disappointments in photography. | + | A 50 mm lens is normally supplied with the camera as the standard |
- | and white, of enlarging, cropping and re-touching, | + | and white, of enlarging, cropping and re-touching, |
- | lenses and high speed colour film. Contemporary | + | lenses and high speed colour film. Contemporary |
- | Interchangeable lenses offer a way of creative seeing. By a second-hand camera, two additional lenses and a close-up set one can eetplorp | + | |
+ | Interchangeable lenses offer a way of creative seeing. By a second-hand camera, two additional lenses and a close-up set one can develop | ||
Leave the tent at home and sleep under a log if it rains. | Leave the tent at home and sleep under a log if it rains. | ||
- | 'Mat do these lenses do. First the zoom. Regarded as an aid to | ||
- | focussing and composing rather than " | ||
- | of a scene can be isolated, the intrusion of the sky aimirished and the " | ||
- | pensable. A short focal length lens, 28 mm is ideal, gives an incredible depth of field - at f 16 with object at 1.5 metres to infinity - the major | ||
- | penalty is that the ultimate image encompasses more than any eye cauld ever | ||
- | see in such detail. Good slides from a 28 mm are astonishingly successful. | ||
+ | What do these lenses do. First the zoom. Regarded as an aid to focussing and composing rather than " | ||
+ | penalty is that the ultimate image encompasses more than any eye could ever see in such detail. Good slides from a 28 mm are astonishingly successful. | ||
Close-up sets screw onto the front of a lens, with stepping rings onto any lens - the main lens is set to infinity and the whole system moved in 4nd out to achieve focus._ The lenses in a set, usually three, are additiie; they can be screwed onto each other until the image is of acceptable size | Close-up sets screw onto the front of a lens, with stepping rings onto any lens - the main lens is set to infinity and the whole system moved in 4nd out to achieve focus._ The lenses in a set, usually three, are additiie; they can be screwed onto each other until the image is of acceptable size | ||
- | in the frame. They have two major short comings - the depth of field is - | + | in the frame. They have two major short comings - the depth of field is extremely |
- | Oxtremely | + | So that focussing, moving the camera |
- | So that focussing, moving the canera | + | flowers nodding on slender stems. Brilliance of the slide is increased Since the light rays have travelled through less atmosphere |
- | flowers nodding on slender stems. Brilliance of the slide is increased Since the light rays have travelled through less atmothere | + | Compared to the chemistry of colour film the physics of lenses are simple. All brands of colour film are three sensitive layers of emulsion on a backing. |
- | Compared to the chemistry of colour film the physics of lenses are simple. All brands of colour film are three sensitive layers of emulsion on a backing. | + | All these variations in aim behaviour are beyond our control at the moment of making an exposure. Experiment with all the brands is needed to find one which suits your own visual perception. Or you can use colour filters - but that is beyond this introduction. Colour printing, in -which the use of filters is obligatory, can alter the colour balance dramatically. Picture books, the medium in which we see most work by " |
- | All these variations in aim behaviour are beyond our control at the moment of making an exposure. Experiment with all the brands is needed to find one which suits your own visual perception. Or you can use colour filters - but that is beyond this introduction. Colour printing, in -which the use of filters is obligatory, can alter the colour balance dramatically. | + | |
198101.txt · Last modified: 2016/03/18 15:47 by tyreless