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 ===== From Here, There, and Everywhere =====
-From "ALPINESPORT" for July,1938,which is the Journal of the ,apine Sports Club of Luckland, N.Z.:-
+From "__Alpinesport__" for July, 1938, which is the Journal of the Alpine Sports Club of Auckland, N.Z.:-
-"Our Treasurer has a snappy autograph, secure your specimen now" Those members of the S.B.W. who have not yet secured their specimens of Tom Moppett's autograph are reminded that the Committee has a snappy way of dealing with unfinancial menbers in the spring,and that all unpaid subscriptions are now six months overdue.
+"Our Treasurer has a snappy autograph, secure your specimen now!!" Those members of the S.B.W. who have not yet secured their specimens of Tom Moppett's autograph are reminded that the Committee has a snappy way of dealing with unfinancial menbers (( [sic] )) in the spring, and that all unpaid subscriptions are now six months overdue.
-AP 1.71
+----
-Extrct from a Circular of the FEDERATION OF VICTORIAN WALKING CLUBS which came to the S.B.W.through the Melbourne Women's Walking Club:-
+Extract from a Circular of the __Federation of Victorian Walking Clubs__ which came to the S.B.W. through the Melbourne Women's Walking Club:-
-"Following the construction of a log cabin for private use on Mt.Freezeout, 2 miles from MtSt.Bernard,and on Crown Land,the Federation circularised public bodies and associations with a view to approaching the Minister of Lands and Forests on the matter of a long-range policy to lUationalise Victoria's Open Spaces' by means of appropriate reservations. The Minister has agreed to receive a deputation,the basis of which is the following resolution:
+"Following the construction of a log cabin for private use on Mt. Freezeout, 2 miles from Mt. St. Bernard, and on Crown Land, the Federation circularised public bodies and associations with a view to approaching the Minister of Lands and Forests on the matter of a long-range policy to 'Rationalise Victoria's Open Spaces' by means of appropriate reservations. The Minister has agreed to receive a deputation, the basis of which is the following resolution:
-'That the Federation of Victorian Walking Clubs in view of the increasing tourist development which is being fostered by 'the present Government suggests that in order to rationalise.Victorie's open spaces for present and future needs, it would like to bring before the Government the desirability of permanently reserving the largest possible areas of mountainous' and forest country to preserve all types
+'That the Federation of Victorian Walking Clubs in view of the increasing tourist development which is being fostered by the present Government suggests that in order to rationalise Victoria's open spaces for present and future needs, it would like to bring before the Government the desirability of permanently reserving the largest possible areas of mountainous and forest country to preserve all types of natural flora and fauna, and to classify such areas into two types, viz. __Primative Areas__, with tracks and open shelter huts only, and __Tourist Open Areas__, surrounding the former as far as possible, where roads, guest houses and a limited number of club and private huts or buildings would be allowed. To this end the Federation recommends the Minister of Lands and Forests to consider a sub-divisional plan which it desires to submit to him in due course for adoption or modification by the Government departments entrusted with giving effect to these proposals.'"
-of natural flora and fauna, and to classify such areas into two types, viz. PRIMITIVE AREAS, with tracks and open shelter huts only, and TOURIST OREN AREAS, urrounding the former as far as possible, whore roads, guest houses and a limited number of club and private huts or buildings would be allowed. To this end the Federation recommends the Minister of Lands and' Forests to consider a sub-divisional plan which it desires to submit to him in due course for adoption or modification by the Govern-
+The Circular then lists twentyfour outside bodies that are supporting the Federation. We are sure the Victoriens also have the good wishes of all Now South Wales bush walkers.
-.
+----
-ment departments entrusted with giving effect to these proposals.'"
+Compare with the above extract the spirit shown by this one taken from the "__Bulletin__" of the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club for July, 1938. Happy are our American comrades! Of course, their country is 300 years older than ours,but we hope we may reach the same good understanding with the authorities in a lot loss time than that!
-The Circular them lists twentyfour outside bodies that are supporting the Federation. We are sure the Victoriens also have the good wises of all Now South Wales bush walkers.
+"__Southwest Virginia Presents Its Compliments To The Hiking Enthusiasts.__\\
+By John W.McNair, Forest Supervisor, Jefferson National Forest.
-.--...
-Compare with the above extract the spirit shown by this one taken from the "BULLETIN" of the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club for July,1938. Happy are our American comrades! Of course, their country is 300 years older than ours,but we hope we may reach the same good understanding with the authorities in c lot loss time than that
-"SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA PRESENTS ITS COMPLIMENTS TO THE HIKING ENTHUSIASTS. By John W.McNair,Forest Supervisor,Jefferson National Forest.
 "Relatively new to National Forest ranks, but embracing territory long familiar to a small group of hiking fans - we give you Jefferson National Forest located in southwest Virginia.
-"Hiking is now definitely out of the 'must' class - men and women hike for the pure love of the exercise, the scenery, and the companionship of other enthusiasts or of the birds and the trees and the denizens of the forest. Some few people still like to walk on city streets,but more and more they are turning to the forested areas, which in turn are becoming more and more scarce within any reasonable distance of
+"Hiking is now definitely out of the 'must' class - men and women hike for the pure love of the exercise, the scenery, and the companionship of other enthusiasts or of the birds and the trees and the denizons of the forest. Some few people still like to walk on city streets, but more and more they are turning to the forested areas, which in turn are becoming more and more scarce within any reasonable distance of large population centres.
-large population centres.
+"Such an area is offered in the Jefferson. There are many beautiful spots in the Forest for the use and enjoyment of the public. The Forest asks only in return that the hiker be careful with the greatest enemy of the woods - __Fire__"
+. . . . . . . . . . . . "
-"Such an area is offered in the Jefferson. There are many beautiful spots in the Forest for the use and enjoyment of the public. The Forest asks only in return that the hiker be careful with the greatest enemy of the woods - FIRE"
+----
-Contour lines
+[Sketch](( NB: Sketch on page 5 of PDF refered to in "Map and Compass" article. http://sbw.ozultimate.com/1938/193809.pdf#5 ))
+----
-MhP AND COMPASS
+===== Map and Compass =====
 by H. J. Chardon.
 Probably no two items of equipment are shrouded in eo much mystery as the map and the compass. This is a great pity because, intelligently handled, they cease to be just two articles which one carries to save one's face should the necessity arise to unpack under the eagle eyes of one or more of the "old hands".
-COMPLETE knowledge of the use of map and compass is something acquired only by years of patient study and practice, and is only possessed by a very few of our members. A WORKING KNOWLEDGE of the underlying principles may, however, be obtained in a very few hours by anyone really inberested, and once these principles have been fully maStered they will never be forgotten.
+__Complete__ knowledge of the use of map and compass is something acquired only by years of patient study and practice, and is only possessed by a very few of our members. __A Working Knowledge__ of the underlying principles may, however, be obtained in a very few hours by anyone really interested, and once these principles have been fully mastered they will never be forgotten.
-So much for the preamble. Now let us get down to business, and consider first of all THE MAP.
+So much for the preamble. Now let us get down to business, and consider first of all __The Map__.
 Maps are aerial pictures of the country, drawn to scale, on which the various topographical features such as mountains, streams, lakes, and the like are represented by conventional signs. There are three main types of map which are in general use by bushwalkers. They are:-
-(1) Military Maps
+(1) Military Maps\\
+(2) Tourist Maps\\
+(3) Lands Department Maps.
-(2) Tourist Maps
+Military maps are printed for use by the army and possess a wealth of accurate detail not possessed by either of the other two classes. They are, without doubt, the finest examples of map-making to be seen in Australia, and are eminently suited to the purposes of bushwalking. The chief difference between this type of map and the others lies in the method adopted in showing hill features. This is done with great accuracy by means of contour lines. These are lines drawn on the surface of the map (usually in red) linking all points of the same height above sea-level, the height in feet being printed in at intervals along the lines. The accompanying sketch (( Sketch on page 5 of PDF. http://sbw.ozultimate.com/1938/193809.pdf#5 )) will serve to illustrate the use of contours far better than any written description.
-(3) Lands Departmsnt Maps.
+All the rest of the conventional signs are clearly shown in the margin, and should be carefully studied so that they may be recognised when seen on the map. The squares into which the map is divided may be completely ignored as they are only used for reference purposes when it is necessary to describe a point on the map in a written report.
-Military maps are printsd for use by the army and possess a wealth of accurate detail not possessed by either of the other two classes. They are, without doubt, the finest examples of map-making to be seen in Australia, and are eminently suited
+Tourist maps are the next in order of usefulness, and are fairly easy to understand. Conventional signs are also listed in the margin, and should be carefully studied before using the map.
-to the purposes of bushwalking. The chief difference between this type of map and the Others lies in the method adopted in showing hill features. This is done with great accuracy by means of contour lines. These are lines drawn on the surface of the map (usually in red) linking all points of the same height above sea-level, the height in feet being printed in at intervals along the lines. The accompanying sketch will serve to illustrate the use of contours far better than any written description.
+Unfortunately, it is impossible to secure either Military Maps or Tourist Maps of a suitable scale for use in certain sections of New South Wales. This brings us to the third class of maps, those issued by the Lands Department. The State of New South Wales is divided into large tracts of country called Land Board Districts, maps of which may be obtained, but which are of too small a scale to be of much practical use. They form, however, a very useful index to the next smaller divisions, the counties. County maps are very useful, although the scale is still a bit on the small side. Their chief advantage lies in the fact that one map will probably be all that is required for a trip, and will provide information regarding landmarks in the surrounding country. County Maps are in turn divided into Parish Maps, which are usually drawn to a scale of 2 inches to one mile, and are of a fairly convenient size to handle. In addition to the County and Parish Maps, it is possible to obtain Shire Maps. Shire Maps are of a fairly convenient scale and size, and very often give portions of two or more counties.
-All tho rest of the conventional signs are clearly shown in the margin, and should be carefully studied so that they may be recognised when seen on the map. The
+It might be as well at this stage to give a word of warning with regard to Lands Department Maps. These maps are drawn solely to know the position of privately-owned land, reserves, leases, etc., and topographical information is only of secondary importance; consequently, where a river, range or creek forma (( [sic] )) a boundary between land holdings, it is shown in great detail and with accuracy. If, however, a typographical feature does not form a boundary, it may not be shown at all, or, if shown, it may be just sketched in from very rough observations made by the surveyors. Due allowance must always be mado in these cases.
-squares into which the map is divided may be completely ignored as they are only used
-for reference purposes when it is necessary to describe a point on the map in a written report.
-Tourist maps are the next in order of usefulness, and are fairly easy to under-
-stand. Conventional signs are also listed in the margin, and should be carefully
-studied before using the map.
-Unfortunately, it is impossible to secure either Military Maps or Tourist Maps
-of r suitable scale for use in certain sections of New South Wales. This brings us to
-the third class of maps, thobe issued by the Lands Department, The State of New South Wales is divided into large tracts of country called Land Board Districts, maps of which may be obtained, but which are of too small a scale to bd of much i practical use. They form, however* a very useful index to the next smaller divisions, the counties. County maps are Very useful, although the sdale is still a bit on the small side. Their chief advantage lies in the fact that one map will probably be all that is required for a trip, and will provide information regarding landmarks in the surrounding country. County Maps are in turn divided into Parish Maps, which are usually drawn to a scale of 2 inches to one mile, and are of a fairly convenient size to handle. In addition to the County and Parish Maps, it is possible to obtain Shire Maps. Shire Maps are of a fairly convenient scale and size, and very often give portions of two or more counties.
-It might be as well at this stage to give a word of warning with regard to L:nds Department Maps. These maps are drawn solely to know the position of privately-owned
-land, reserves, leases, etc., and topographical information is only of secondary importance; consequently, where a river, range or creek forma a boundary between land holdings, it is shown in great detail and with accuracy. If, however, a typographical feature does not form a boundary, it may not be shown at all, or, if shown, it may be just sketched in from very rough observations made by the surveyors. Due allowance must always be mado in these cases.
 So much for the various types of map in general use. Now for a few general considerations which apply to all maps.
-On glancing at a map, one of the first things that strikes Pne is a number of little black triangles scattered here and there, with the word "Trig." and the height in feet above sea level. The word "Trig." is the recognised abbreviation
+On glancing at a map, one of the first things that strikes one is a number of little black triangles scattered here and there, with the word "Trig." and the height in feet above sea level. The word "Trig." is the recognised abbreviation of Trigonometrical Station, and represents a point fixed with the most meticulous care by the surveyors both as regards position and height. Trigs. are usually situated on prominent hills and marked by means of a cairn of stones with, or without, a pole and disc. Tho whole of the subsequent survey of the country is based on these Trig. Stations, consequently, no matter how many inaccuracies may be found in the topographical information shown on the map, the Trig. Station is __never__ wrong.
-of Trigonometrical Station, and represents a point fixed with the most meticulous care
+The scale of a map is always shown somewhere on the face of the map, or in the margin. This should always be studied prior to using a map, and a mental picture made of the scale length of one mile. If any difficulty is experienced in estimating distance by eye, a small twig should be broken off to represent, say, five or six miles and used as, a rough measure.
-by the surveyors both as rogards position and height. Trigs. are usually situated on prominent hills and marked by means of a cairn of stones 'with, or without, a pole and disc. Tho whole of the subsequent survey of the country is based on these Trig. Stations, consequently, no matter how many inaccuracies may bo found in the topographical information shown on the map, the Trig. Station is never wrong.
+ The north point is also shown on all maps, and should be consulted at the same time as the scale. It is usual to have the sides of the map running north and south, but this is not, an inflexible rule. At this stage it will be noticed that there are two north points -- the true north, which, as the name implies, is the direction in which the north pole lies; and the Magnetic North, which id slightly to the east of True North in New South Wales, and is the direction in which a magnetic compass needle will always point. The latter is the one which is always used when 'working" with a magnetic compass, true north being ignored.
-The scale of r map is always shown somewhere on the face of the map, or in the
+__The Compass__ :- The dozens of types of compass may be conveniently divided into two, main classes, those which are to be used only to obtain direction, and those which are fitted with more or less complete systems of sighting vanes to enable bearings to be read directly from a card or metal disc attached to the needle. For the purpose of this course, we may disregard the latter class of instrument and concentrate on the essential requirements for the first.
-margin. This should always be studied prior to using a map, and a mental picture made
+A simple compass should possess the following:-
-of the scale length of one mile. If any difficulty is experienced in estimating distance by eye, ,a small twig should be broken off to represent, say, five or six miles and used as, a rough meaSuree
+(1) Circular case with glass top, bottom divided into points of the mariner's compass,\\
+(2) Steel pivot with sharp point securely fastened into the centre of the bottom of the case,\\
+(3) Needle with jewelled bearing in the centre, supported by the pivot, on which it should swing quite freely. North point of needle should be clearly marked.\\
+(4) Some type of mechanism for raising the needle off the pivot when not in use, otherwise the surface of the jewel will become pitted and useless.
- The north poi4 is also-shown on all maps, and should be consulted at the same time as the scale. ,,It is usual to-haveithe sideS of the map running north and south, but this is nO-6,an inflexible,ru19Q*Attllis%stage it:will be noticed that there are two north points -- the true north, ,which, as the name implies, is the direction in which the north polo lies; ,and tho. Mhgnotic North, wh ch'id slig1tlyt6the east of True North in New South Wales,..and is the direction in which a magnetic compass needle Will always point. The latter is the one Which isialways used when 'working" with a magnetic compass, true north being ignored. :%1
+In using the compass, several considerations must be kept in mind. The compass is a very sensitive instrument, and is easily affected by the presence of iron. Such things as steel rucksack frames, iron belt-buckles, or even iron wire fences, will cause a considerable error in the results obtained with a compass, while another compass in the vicinity will make a sensitive instrument do all manner of things it shouldn't do.
-:2.
+__Use Of Map And Compass__:- The foregoing will serve as a very general description of and introduction to the work which is to follow.
-THE COMPASS :- The dozens of typos of compass may be conveniently divided into two, main classes, those which are to be used only to obtain direction, and those which are fitted with more or less complete systems of sighting vanes to enable bearings to be read directly from a card or metal disc attached to the needle. For the purpose of this course, we may disregard the latter class of instrument and concentrate on the essential requirements for the first.
+In handling a map and a compass, the first thing to do is to open the map out on the ground, place the compass on the line indicating Magnetic North, and turn the map round until the Magnetic North of the map is pointing in the same direction as the compass needle. This procedure is termed "orienting the map"; in other words, placing the map in such a position that all the surrounding country is in the same relative position as shown on the map.
-A simple compass should possess the folloming:-
+Next, provide a length of straight twig about one foot or eighteen inches in length and lay it on the map to act as a sighting-rod or pointed (( [sic] pointer? )).
-(1) Circular case with glass toplbottom divided into points of the mariner's compass,
-(2) Steel pivot with sharp point securely fastened into the centre of the bottom of the case,
-(3) Noodle with jewelled bearing in the centre, supported by the pivot, on which it
-should swing quite freely. North point of noodle should be clearly marked.
-(4) Some type of mechanism for raising the noodle off the pivot when not in use,
-otherwise the surface of the jewel will become pitted and useless.
-In using the compass, several considerations must be kept in mind. The compass is a very sensitive instrument, and is easily affected by the presence of iron. Such things as steel rucksack frames, iron belt-buckles, or oven iron wire fences, will
-cause a considerable error in the results obtained with a compass, while another compass in the vicinity will make a sensitive instrument do all manner of things it shouldn't do.
-USE OF MAP AND COMPASS:- The foregoing will serve as a very general description of and introduction to the work which is to follow.
-In handling a map and a compass, the first thing to do is to open the map out on the ground, place the compass on the line indicating Magnetic North, and turn the map round until the Magnetic North of the map is pointing in the same direction as the compass needle. This procedure is termed "orienting the map", in other words, placing the map in such a position that all the surrounding country is in the same relative position as shown on the map.
-Next, provide a length of straight twig about one foot or eighteen inches in length and lay it on the map to act as a sighting-rod or pointed.
 If one's position is known, find the point on the map and mark it with a pencil cross. Then, pivoting the stick on this cross, swing it round until it is pointing towards some clearly defined landmark; then look on the map along the edge of the stick and try to pick out the place in question. This can often be made easier by estimating the distance to the landmark and scaling the distance off along the stick from the pencil cross. Another method is by counting the number of ridges between the two points and comparing this with the map. Repeat this with several other landmarks, and then the minor features will be easily recognisable without the use of the stick. It is always a good plan to stop on some elevated position when resting and so get a good idea of the surrounding country before going on.
-If your position is uncertain, look around and see if any of the previously located landmarks can be seen; if so, mark thom with crosses. Again pivoting the stick on each cross in turn, point it at the landmark in question, and draw a light pencil line back from the cross towards whore you are standing. The point of intersection of two or more of such lines will be your position. Check this by sighting new landmarks as in the previous paragraph, and, if possible, locate points which will be of use in further observations.
+If your position is uncertain, look around and see if any of the previously located landmarks can be seen; if so, mark them with crosses. Again pivoting the stick on each cross in turn, point it at the landmark in question, and draw a light pencil line back from the cross towards whore you are standing. The point of intersection of two or more of such lines will be your position. Check this by sighting new landmarks as in the previous paragraph, and, if possible, locate points which will be of use in further observations.
 In following rivers it is of the utmost importance to mark off on the map all bends and junctions passed. Endeavour to estimate accurately the rate of travel in miles per hour, and don't be surprised if it works out around one and one half to two. In ticking off the bends, do not be content with an estimate of the bearing, lay the map down and do the job properly. Never miss the opportunity to use the piece of stick on a landmark should one be seen.
-Ranges and roads fall under the one heading as most of our roads follow the ranges. The same principles apply to ranges as to riverstexcept that more opportunities will present themselves to tie up to known landmarks in the way previously described.
+Ranges and roads fall under the one heading as most of our roads follow the ranges. The same principles apply to ranges as to rivers, except that more opportunities will present themselves to tie up to known landmarks in the way previously described.
-Walking on a compass course is a very simple matter if the sun is shining. Merely turn your face in the direction in which you wish t9 go according to the compass, note the angle of your shadowland keep your shadow in the same position. Check up every half hour at least as the sun shifts, and consequently your shadow will be in a different direction. If the sun is not shining, keep the compass in your hand and look at it occasionally,noting some distinctive tree or rock in the distance which you can use as a guide. In very misty or rainy weather, or at night, remain in camp if possible,but if you must push on, do so with the utmost care as the only guides you will have will be your compass for directiontand your estimate of speed for distance covered2the latter being very difficult to gauge.
-So much for the map and the compass. If the foregoing principles are mastered, these become guide,philosopher and friend to any who may have become a trifle "slowed" in th, wilds.
-A few last words will suffice to provide against the human element,which is so often at fault.
-See that your compass needle is awinging freely. Avoid iron or other compasses in the vicinity of the compass in use. Believe the compass. Don't convince yourself
-that the map is ALL wrong; surveyors are not fools. Check your observations in every
+Walking on a compass course is a very simple matter if the sun is shining. Merely turn your face in the direction in which you wish to go according to the compass, note the angle of your shadow, and keep your shadow in the same position. Check up every half hour at least as the sun shifts, and consequently your shadow will be in a different direction. If the sun is not shining, keep the compass in your hand and look at it occasionally, noting some distinctive tree or rock in the distance which you can use as a guide. In very misty or rainy weather, or at night, remain in camp if possible, but if you must push on, do so with the utmost care as the only guides you will have will be your compass for direction, and your estimate of speed for distance covered, the latter being very difficult to gauge.
+So much for the map and the compass. If the foregoing principles are mastered, these become guide, philosopher and friend to any who may have become a trifle "slewed" in the wilds.
-possible way. Don't be afraid to admit a mistake. Always remember that "being lost" is purely a state of mind.
+A few last words will suffice to provide against the human element, which is so often at fault.
-CLUB GOSSIP,
+See that your compass needle is swinging freely. Avoid iron or other compasses in the vicinity of the compass in use. Believe the compass. Don't convince yourself that the map is __all__ wrong; surveyors are not fools. Check your observations in every possible way. Don't be afraid to admit a mistake. Always remember that "being lost" is purely a state of mind.
+===== Club Gossip. =====
 by "Sunlight"